My PhD is officially conferred this month as well as my fellowship in Western Australia. I wanted to take the opportunity to reflect on my experiences and talk about what's next.
Cambridge and the University Library
My PhD journey began in 2016 when I arrived in the UK and settled into Churchill College in Cambridge. The Chemical Engineering building was then on Pembroke Street, in the centre of the city (it's since moved out of the city to West Cambridge). I will always remember walking to the market to have lunch. The walk took us past the old Cavendish Laboratories and The Eagle pub where Watson and Crick first announced their discovery of DNA. I will also remember heading to Queens College over the Mathematical Bridge to have lunch in their dining hall followed by frisbee on the green next door.
The place that is most memorable for me, however, is the Cambridge University Library. This early 20th-century building was absolutely full to the brim with books. There was barely enough room to move past the shelves. You would often find me in the carbon materials science section this was on the left side of the tower in the photo above. There were narrow desks by the windows and a radiator for heating the building. I will always remember biking to the library in the cold of winter to sit next to the radiator while I pored over books. At the end of my PhD, I felt privileged to able to deposit my thesis in this magnificent library.
Planning
I had planned out my PhD with great detail at the beginning of my first year, but new experiments performed in my and other groups soon redirected my research. This helped me understand my supervisor's reluctance to plan this kind of work too far in advance. I soon realised that my initial plans, while helpful for setting me off in the right direction, were not predictive of the final thesis I submitted.
An example of this was a paper presented at the 37th International Symposium on Combustion in 2018 (see my blog post on the event). This revealed clear evidence for crosslinking between soot molecules. This led me to redirect my efforts into exploring the reactivity of soot molecules using computational approaches (see post on this). I also worked directly with experimentalists in the group to find some of the first evidence of curved molecules in early soot particles and to see the impact of pentagon-containing fuels.
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| The plan from my first-year report, which was not followed. |
Travel
I had many opportunities to travel during my PhD for which I have to thank my supervisor, Prof. Kraft.
In my first year I was able to attend the IChemE conference at Bath University and present work on gas molecules interacting with soot. This was a great opportunity to begin to understand the field of chemical engineering and the tools available. I was also able to attend the NanoTec16 conference at Trinity College Dublin, where I had the pleasure of meeting the late Professor Malcolm Heggie and hear him perform one of his famous songs at the conference dinner.
In my second year, I attended the Carbon 2017 conference in Melbourne on my way back to visit my family in New Zealand. At this conference, I began a collaboration with the Carbon Group at Curtin University that led to a letter being published in Physical Review Letters (and to my next research position). Another memorable event was the memorial for the late Professor Mildred Dresselhaus the "Queen of Carbon Science" who I did not meet but whom I have heard a lot about. Read more in my post on the conference and Prof Dresselhaus.
In my third year, I attended the 37th International Symposium on Combustion 2018 in Ireland. Some of the most memorable moments from this conference were doing my first oral presentation at a scientific conference, the farewell dinner for my colleague Dr Maria Botero and seeing the first images of soot molecules presented. We managed to find a large Airbnb house very close to the conference where a group of us stayed. One night, we were challenged by a professor about whether curved molecules would invert in a flame and not be persistently polar. We went home early from the conference and a group of us managed to calculate the rate of inversion for a large curved aromatic molecule. This involved staying up late into the night and reprogramming software to include the many internal vibrations in these large molecules. To our delight we found it to be very slow - in fact only one flip every two years. We were then able to show this to the professor the next day and get some further critiques. This suggestion then lead to a nice paper and was a good example of the sort of fun challenges that come from a vibrant community.
In my fourth year, I attended the Carbon 2019 conference in Kentucky, US with my colleague Angiras. On the way there, I had an opportunity to visit Prof. Green's group at MIT and Dr West's group at Northeastern. I also presented work at Penn State University, meeting many of the top carbon scientists in the field, which was kindly organised by Prof. Terrones' group. The kindness and generosity of these groups were overwhelming and I am sure much will come out of these meetings. At the Carbon conference, I was able to present four different talks - three of my own and one on behalf of a colleague. This was quite a lot to prepare for but I wanted to make sure I justified the travel. I was able to present the 3D graphene work for the first time and managed to 3D print some of the models of disordered carbons to pass around and discuss with people at the conference. There were some mixed reactions and some good discussions that came from the talks. I also very much appreciated the memorial for the pioneering carbon scientist Madame Oberlin (read more about her and the conference in this post).
After my first year in Cambridge UK, I spent the rest of my PhD programme at the University of Cambridge's Singapore centre (Cambridge CARES). This was an amazing opportunity to work with researchers at Asia's top universities, NUS and NTU. The CREATE programme, set up by Singapore's National Research Foundation, also invites other universities to set up centres and encouraged collaborations between these universities. This allowed me to participate in the Commonwealth Science Conference (see blog post), conferences with Shanghai Jiao Tong on biochar for carbon capture and a policy workshop with ETH Zurich.
The Singapore experience also helped me to see the challenges facing the world. In Cambridge, it is easy to think that many of the problems will be solved with some new technology and everyone getting on a bike or using more public transport. Being in Singapore where rising water, increasing temperatures and more erratic weather pose an existential crisis, this is not as easy to brush aside. Singapore is the busiest port in the world and there are endless ships in the harbour, belching out soot. Singapore also hosts the largest oil refinery in Southeast Asia. It brought home to me the significant challenges we face in supplying clean energy to a world reluctant to wean itself off fossil fuels and has lead me to the next project I am undertaking.
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| @Chung Kevin https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1609054 |
Travelling also meant my wife and I were present for many significant events. We were in the UK for the vote concerning EU membership (and were even able to vote due to being Commonwealth citizens). We were also able to take a ferry over the channel to help refugees in Calais. In Singapore, we were on the street by chance when Kim Jong Un drove past to his meeting with President Trump. It was hard to know how to respond to being so close to a dictator and everyone in the crowd was eerily silent. We were also in New Zealand and Singapore during the coronavirus pandemic. With such restrictions on travel at the moment, we feel fortunate to have been able to travel as much as we did.
Collaborations
At the beginning of my time in Cambridge I mentioned in a blog post that there was less collaboration than I thought there was going to be (link to post). I think I was wrong about that. What I realised is that to complete a project required extreme focus and during the generation of results there was little need for collaboration. However, when it came to interpreting the results, extending them and deciding on the next steps I saw the intense collaboration and guidance that took place.
Working closely with postdocs was highly valuable. My first 1st author paper from my PhD would not have been half as good if not for the careful guidance of Dr Radomir Slavchov. In subsequent work, I saw the importance of this guidance at critical points in my PhD from postdocs and my supervisor. Guidance from others in Cambridge was also invaluable, for example Dr Alan Hayhurst, Dr David Farrien-Jimenez, Dr David Wales, Dr Caterina Ducati, Dr Alston Misquitta and Dr Clive Wells.
Collaborations with international groups also provided new directions and considerable energy. Dr Pascazio visited for a month during her PhD in Italy and over that time produced the main results for the hardness studies that were published recently. She is now a postdoc in the group and we are working closely together on a number of projects. Dr Dingyu Hou also visited for a year during her PhD at Tsinghua University. Her recent computational calibrations of various methods were critical for the paper on reactive crosslinks.
Working with Laura, Dingyu, Angiras, Gustavo, Kimberly, Chung and others in the CoMo group led to some great insights into soot formation and I have to thank them all.
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| CoMo Group and collaborators at the combustion symposium 2018 |
Challenges
Collaborations are challenging in research - on the one hand, groups have a friendly competition that drives the field forward. However, this does not encourage collaborations and significant trust must be established to achieve productive collaborations. Unfortunately, during my PhD there were times when groups broke our trust and made research more difficult. Examples included trying to block papers being published and having work copied. As a PhD student, this was quite disheartening. However, I learned that you have to keep doing good work and you will be rewarded eventually.
Another challenge that is not unique to my PhD was arranging visas for me and my wife. I was surprised to learn that spouses of PhD students in Singapore are not eligible to apply for a dependent's visa. After a few months of unsuccessful job searching, my wife travelled back to New Zealand for three months while we sorted out a different kind of visa. My research organisation was very helpful and in the end my wife was able to find a job and live in Singapore with me. However, it was frustrating that it's assumed that anyone doing a PhD does not have a family.
The final challenge surprised me and that was mental health. Throughout the PhD there were some times when I did not cope as well as I would have hoped. Through support from my friends, family, my very supportive wife and visiting a counselor I managed through the stress. This taught me the struggles that many PhD students face and that I am not invincible.
Finally, coronavirus was the final challenge in my PhD. Though I am particularly fortunate in having done most of my work computationally there were some aspects I missed out on due to the coronavirus. I was unable to have an in-person oral examination for my PhD defense. This was a shame as I wanted to be physically present to defend my thesis and then to celebrate with my colleagues afterward. It would have also been nice to hand in my final thesis and to actually see it. However, there were some positives to having a virtual defense. We could go through the literature online and look through the thesis on my computer in a way I do not think we could have done in person. However, if I could do it again it would be nice to have done it in person and to have shaken my examiners' hands afterward. Finally, I graduated in absentia and do not know when I will be able to travel to the UK to attend a formal ceremony. This is something to look forward to as many of my friends will be graduating with me and will be a signal that the world has moved back to some sort of normalcy.
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| Defending my PhD in lockdown |
What's next? - Hydrogen in Perth
I have accepted a Forrest Fellowship in Perth to undertake research in the area of hydrogen storage. This fellowship is based at Forrest Hall, which brings together PhD students and Fellows from around the world to work in Western Australia. The fellowship funds my research for three years and allows me to mentor the PhD students at Forrest Hall.
The research I will be undertaking will bring together two areas of impact that I care deeply about: decarbonisation and the science of carbon nanomaterials. The goal is to make a 'sponge' for hydrogen out of a novel material called 3D graphene. This will allow for the storage and transport of green hydrogen produced from solar or wind power.
What makes the project so exciting is the groups I will be working with in the Physics department at Curtin University. The Carbon Group, headed by Dr Nigel Marks and Dr. Irene Suarez-Martinez, has developed some of the most accurate descriptions of carbon materials to date and I have collaborated with them previously (read more in this blog post). The second group is the Hydrogen Storage Research Group headed by Prof. Craig Buckley, a world leader in hydrogen storage materials. Bringing these two world-leading groups together, the aim is to push carbon materials to hydrogen storage capacities not yet achieved.
